Code Name: K.O.Z.

The political and social processes in recent and current Turkish political history reflect a complex interplay of institutional changes, ideological shifts, and public mobilization. Since the early 2000s, Turkey has experienced significant transformations, including the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) to power in 2002, which marked a turning point in the country's political landscape. The AKP's governance has been characterized by a blend of conservative social policies, economic liberalization, and a reorientation of foreign policy toward both the West and the Muslim world. In 2017, a constitutional reform referendum introduced a presidential system, consolidating executive power in the hands of the president and reducing the role of the prime minister. This shift has led to increased centralization of authority and has influenced the dynamics of political opposition and civil society. Socially, Turkey has witnessed both urbanization and rural transformation, alongside debates over secularism, religious identity, and minority rights. The country's political discourse has also been shaped by regional conflicts, such as the Syrian Civil War, and by domestic issues, including economic challenges, corruption investigations, and the aftermath of the 2016 failed coup attempt. These factors continue to influence the trajectory of Turkish politics and society.